Lab 3 - EE 420L
Author: Dane Gentry
Email: gentryd2@unlv.nevada.edu
February 23, 2016
Op-Amps I, Basic Topoligies, Finite Gain, and Offset
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Pre-lab work
Lab Description
- Learn how op-amps are used, their limitations, closed and open-loop gian, offset voltage, common-mode voltage (VCM),
max input/output, input bias current, offset current.
For the following questions and experiments assume VCC+ = +5V and VCC- = 0V.
- Knowing the non-inverting input, Vp, is at the same potential as the inverting input, Vm, (called the common-mode voltage, VCM)
what are the maximum and minimum allowable common-mode voltages?
- The maximum allowable common-mode voltage for our circuit is 3.5 volts b/c Vcc-1.5=3.5 where Vcc=5V.
- The minimum allowable common-mode voltage for our circuit is 0 volts.
- What is a good estimate for the op-amp's open-loop gain?
- At 0Hz we have around 110dB. AOL ~ 10^(110/20) = 316228 V/V
- The gain decreases by approximatly 20dB/Decade
- What is a good estimate for the offset voltage?
- A good estimate for the offset is 7mV while the typical value is 2mV.
- For worst case design, we would use the 9mV offset.
Build, and test, the following circuit.
- What is the common-mode voltage, VCM? Does VCM change? Why or why not?
- The common mode voltage is 2.5V DC. The VCM does not change because is used as a reference for the AC input signal to swing around.
- It is created by the 10k Voltage divider at the positive input with the capacitors acting as opens at DC.
- VCM = VCC * (R1/(R1+R2)) = 5V * (10k/20k) = 2.5V
- What is the ideal closed-loop gain?
- The
ideal closed-loop gain is –Rf/Rin which is equal to -5k/5k = -1 or
0dB/Unity Gain 180 degrees out of phase with the input signal.
- What is the output swing and what is it centered around?
- The output swing is approximately 200mV peak to peak (+/-100mV peak). The output is centered around VCM which is set at 2.5 V.
- What happens if the input isn't centered around VCM, that is, 2.5 V?
- If
the input is not centered around 2.5 V, then one may encounter
various problems such as clipping. A possible reason for an input to be
off
from VCM is that the op-amp’s open-loop gain is not sufficient to pull
Vm up to Vp. If the input voltage at the Vp terminal increases,
the output voltages will decrease, and vice versa. Vp must be appropriately within bound of the positive supply rail.
- Provide a detailed discussion illustrating that you understand what is going on.
- We have a 5V input at VCC which is voltage divided to 2.5 V at the positive input terminal, Vp. This voltage, then
appears at Vm, due to the very high open-loop gain of the nearly non-ideal Op-Amp. This voltage is then multiplied
by the closed-loop gain of the topology which is designated by –Rf/Ri. In our case, this would be 1x (unity gain).
For AC, Vp is at AC ground. Consequently, Vm is then at AC ground while the input AC voltage is multiplied by the same
closed-loop gain. In conclusion, the output is centered around 2.5V with an AC swing of +/- 100mV (peak).
- What is the maximum allowable input signal amplitude? Why?
- Since our rails are set at 5V, and 0V. We could theoretically swing +/- 2.5 V. Anything larger, will result in clipping of
the signal. The maximum allowable input signal would then be 2.5V. Since real op-amps are non-ideal, the maximum allowable
input
signal amplitude is less. In our case it may have an experimental max
swing of +/- 500mV (worst case when max VCM is 3 volts)
or a max swing of +/- 1V (most likely case when max VCM is 3.5 volts).
- What is the maximum allowable input signal if the magnitude of the gain is increased to 10? Why?
- By increasing the magnitude of the gain by 10, the largest input signal would be 250mV b/c it must decrease by 10 (2.5/10) theoretically since
the gain is ten times larger than before.
- What is the point of the 0.01 uF capacitors from VCC and VCM to ground?
- These
capacitors are just to decouple the voltages, and detract noise from
the power supply. They also separate DC and AC as capacitors act as
opens in DC and as shorts in AC.
- Are these values critical or could 0.1 uF, 1,000 pF, 1 uF, etc. capacitors be used?
- These values could be anything. They are used to hold the voltage at a node to a specific value to detract from sudden
swings. They are just charge buckets.
- The data sheet shows that this op-amp has an input bias current that flows out of the op-amp's inputs of typically 20 nA.
This current flows out of both the non-inverting and inverting inputs through the resistors connected to these inputs.
Show how the operation of the circuit can be effected if, for example, R1 and R2, are much larger. Explain what is going on. - If
we had a 20nA input bias current on each of the op-amp terminals, using
a large resistor will produce a larger voltage at Vm, and
consequently, Vp. This mismatch of voltages would then change the output voltage of our op-amp.
- What is the input offset current? What does this term describe?
- The input offset current is the difference between the input biase currents at VP and VM.
- It describes the mismatch between the two input currents of the op amp.
Explain how the following circuit can be used to measure the op-amp's offset voltage.
The circuit above outputs 2.5 volts. Current flows from Vout to Vm through the 20k resistor while the input bias current
flows from Vm. The input bias current is sometimes small compared to the feedback current, although increasing the RF value
will lower the current that flows from Vout to Vm closer to Vm. This will make the small ofset voltage more noticable as the
current through RF is around the same value as the input bias current.
- Measure the offset voltage of 4 different op-amps and compare them.
- The 4 op-amps measured are the LM324, LF351N, TL0817P, and MCP601.
- Voffset is determined by taking the magnitude of the difference between VCM and Vout then dividing by the gain.
- Voffset = (Mag(VCM-Vout))/20
LM324LM324 | Voltage |
VCM | 2.4932 V |
Vout | 2.4895 V |
Voffset | 0.19 mV |
LF351NLF351N | Voltage |
VCM | 2.4463 V |
Vout | 2.2804 V |
Voffset | 8.3 mV |
TL0817P
TL0817P | Voltage |
VCM | 2.3606 V |
Vout | 2.3346 V |
Voffset | 1.3 mV |
MCP601
MCP601 | Voltage |
VCM | 2.5012 V |
Vout | 2.5162 V |
Voffset | 0.75 mV |
The LF351N has the largest offset voltage of 8.1 mV while the LM324 has the smallest offset voltage of 0.19 mV.
Conclusion
This
experiments in this laboratory provide a complete understanding of
basic operational amplifier topologies (inverting and non-inverting)
and the relationship between specifications/parameters detailed on an
op-amp's datasheet to the experimental operation of the op-amp in a
circuit. The experiments provided knowledge as well as accompanying
measurements of common mode voltage, closed-loop gain, output
swing, and offset voltage.
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